Study: Flying Snow Leopard
(published in : Liberated location, the quality of the military command staff, operational position of the people of attitude, the unified arrangements of the CPC Central Committee country course of the war, support for foreign forces, enemy forces, and so the two sides.
a First Field Army
to geographically First Field Army liberated areas in which the location is undoubtedly the more sinister, when the border, barren, difficult living conditions, military need supplies, including rations, ammunition, and even drinking water is very poor, as well as by difficulties interfere with the supply of materials, manpower naturally became a big problem, very often, can not solve the problem and not a large-scale forage recruit, which resulted in the final stages of the liberation war, the first field army can only be maintained at 5 to 8 million people in horse room (not including additional troops in North China Field Army). and Peng have repeatedly pointed out that the war in northern Shaanxi is playing the main fodder of war, war materials, the first troops on many occasions to seize food supplies and materials, would resort to their lives at risk, jaws , also resulting in three dozen Yulin, lost later in the war situation in Baoji (Note: This is to be a lot of people blame Peng foolhardy example, need not know the circumstances at the time do not play is not enough). In this case, Under the CPC Central Committee will be placed on the first field army to contain the main task of Hu Tsung-nan and two horse groups, to maintain influence in the border area. This has Yan'an from CPC Central Committee decided to give up, in Xibaipo seen working group set up the Central North , while the other fought Chairman Mao is more a symbolic Northern.
the other hand, Chiang, since shortly after the Sino-Japanese War began, to start on the northern border to surround and blockade of the south group heavily guarded Hu Tsung-nan, Fu Zuoyi north groups lining the west is the second horse implacable, natural barrier east of the Yellow River, and Jin Yan Xishan's 10 million, the entire border in grave danger, and subject to the First Field Army to defend the central, the task of border security, not Dongduhuanghe, back into the-Sui Border Region, Northern is only a small movement within the operational areas, the environment is very bad.
comparing two sides of military forces, it is sinister, Chiang total strength of all 40 million, well prepared, well equipped and trained. It is important, because Chiang eager to get rid of the CPC Central Committee, trying to northern war as a symbol of victory, it came out effort. In contrast army, only a mere 40,000, this is temporarily set up by the local troops deployed, including a column of the original military-Sui (including 358 unique travel and tour), and the five provinces and four brigades of the new defense, teach brigade, police and a brigade, police three brigades, two vertical-Sui, a mere tens of thousands of troops to include the establishment of so many, for the centralized command have a greater negative impact. At the same time these forces are basically not been practical in a few years of training, most of the combatants combat experience is not enough, and although the two vertical-Sui Wang Zhen has some experience, but retired from the military, when the Central Plains loses much force is not well rest, play fighting affected. More importantly, due to defend the CPC Central Committee headed by Chairman Mao, so our military can not let go, free play, and many battles to contain the enemy is held. But in the harsh conditions of our army, to an enthusiastic, Yuezhanyueyong made a series of brilliant victories, not people admire.
on the desire of the people, as I am on the party long border, base of people based on very good, conscientious people are highly enthusiastic support of the PLA, military intelligence and security work makes a considerable perfect escape Chiang's move can not be our army eyeliner. while our military activities in the northern region due to the long, more familiar to the location, while the high loess slope of the terrain is also suitable for warfare, mountain warfare our military advantage in favor the biggest play, which greatly promote the victory of the war.
II, the Second Field Army in the Second Field Army
47 years ago because after the events in different locations, the relative conditions between different locations is a very big difference , and therefore this sub-region for the conditions of the Second Field Army of the relative.
the Second Field Army from the red four-base developed in the remaining troops, many commanding officers stood the primary Agrarian Revolutionary War, War of the tempered, By 1945 the number of troops the development of close to 10 thousand people .1947 years ago, the two main activities in the field Luyu Jin wing base, which is among the development and growth in Sino-Japanese War the old base, the people a solid foundation to support the enthusiasm of the PLA is very high, most of the soldiers of the army base, the results of enthusiasm to defend the victory, the relative strength of combat. Meanwhile, the base is the junction of four provinces, the rule of the Kuomintang weak basis, though also subject to Hu Tsung-nan, Yen, Fu Zuoyi Group encirclement, but mainly because the base is occupied by Yan Xishan's old sphere of influence, and the land is relatively barren, without too much economic and political interests, Hu, Fu are not paid much attention to this, only to snatch away the Yan Xishan their own sites and do a few efforts, but after all, bad power (Jin Jin is only suitable for defensive, not suitable for warfare), in the Party, and other places have suffered a major loss. while the other generally offensive to the base of the Chiang also belong motley crew series (for example, the Battle of Handan among horses, Gao Jun), soldiers, many of whom do not want to fight a civil war, morale is not high, forces New, geography, feelings are not familiar with, the system varies, supply difficulties, and People's Liberation Army has ignored the psychological, fighting so relatively weak, and also to fear. must also be seen, base and Lu Yu Jin-Sui Wing, Jin police arrived in full wing base connected to each other offensive and defensive, the strategic advantage let Chiang exhausted. The main task of the CPC Central Committee to the Second Field Army is annihilated inside to support the northeast fighting in this condition, the military's comparative advantage reflected most vividly.
1947 years for the war to Kuomintang areas, the CPC Central Committee asked the Second Field out assault to achieve the strategic big march, the second field was the beginning of relative to the worst conditions. Dabie aspect thousands of miles across Hubei, Anhui, Henan Province, a few with high strategic importance, a direct threat to KMT rule center. And here is a very strong basis of Kuomintang rule, a long long security everywhere in, looked spread fortress fortress. and experiencing the Red Fourth Army, Red 25, Army, New Fourth Army, the 5th Division and the KMT into a few out of many multiple killings, the local people have been killed by the KMT afraid of the masses of ; owned Red Army forage collection, manpower complement, or even the placement of the wounded was extremely difficult shape, which liberated areas than the northeast Huang Kecheng impact statements people, the living conditions of the South, food situation in general not suited to, and mosquitoes all over the South at that time, plague prevalence, causes serious thought was homesick soldiers, and even , the phenomenon of a number of deserters, making the combat greatly reduced. In this case, the Second Field Army in order to open up the situation is very difficult. In contrast Chiang, due to years of painstaking efforts, the rule base is strong, while Jiang Junbing force Zhangjin Bing Group Hu Lian Corps and other ace army, fighting strong, and our army in the past when the flood area will lose all heavy weapons, attack power greatly weakened, even with three columns but can not destroy an enemy division (lack of a regiment) phenomenon. coupled to the two central strategic task is to contain the wild forces of Chiang trump card to protect the Chinese wild, Chen Xiebing victory Action Group, which conducted several other people eat meat I am Ken Gutou of hard work, bloody, or even being in the Huaihai Campaign to remnants surrounded by Huang Weibing groups, and issued a task admiration in people.
The following is the strength of two different periods of field statistics over the same period, from which we can see that the second field at the time how tough the environment:
In July, the Shanxi-strength when the field army expedition Statistics: 1 person column 33357; 2 Column 31,000 people; 3 Column 26,468 people; 6 Column 26,322 people; field army directly under the Team 6370 people; a total of 124,147 people south.
adhere to the struggle of the Dabie Mountains November 29, 1947, Field Army headquarters to report to the strength of the Central Military Commission statistics: 23,000 Column 1; 2 Column 19,000; 3 Column 24,000; column 22O00 6 people; field army directly under the Team 3000; a total of 91,000 people. At this point the south before the downsizing than 30,000 people, including captured 800O name. After the main switch to the Dabie Mountains, without the added strength of the time: 1 person column 15363; 2 Column 11,627 people; 3 Column 15 384 people; 6 Column 14,280 people; remove field army directly under the team does not count, there were still 56,654 people. When the main switch to the Dabie Mountains, l left a number of military forces and the contingents of personnel to carry out local work, tentatively million dollars, even with This number is also less than 70,000 people. r This started analysis.
1, the first phase of
of the war, in accordance with the Party Central Committee and Central Military Commission on the and Chen Yi, and 7 of the New Fourth Army led by Division, 2 Division 4 and 5 Brigade, 4th Division 9th Brigade, Jiangsu, Zhejiang Military Region 2 and Region 4 columns and Suzhong Jun 1st Brigade and other units taught by north central China has, and in January 7, 1946, in accordance with the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, the establishment of Shandong Military District, the jurisdiction of the coastal, Lu in southern Shandong, Shandong and Bohai five secondary military, all the strength of about 20 million people. and Meanwhile, the composition of Shandong field army, jurisdiction over the first 1 column, 2 columns, 7th Division, 8th Division, with a total strength of about 7.4 million people. New Fourth Army units to stay in central China, on October 25, 1945 the establishment of Huazhong Jun district, jurisdiction the Soviet Union, the two military and four sub-military district of Huainan, full strength of about 13.5 million people. In the same year on November 10, the official composition of central field army, under the jurisdiction of the first 6 columns, 7 columns, 8 columns, Tao Yong Ren commander ; 9 columns, full strength of about 4.7 million people, is a central field army on the establishment Huazhong Jun areas of strategic action by the command of Chen Yi.
can be obtained from the three wild at the time the strength of our military is the most prominent among , but must also realize that its exposure to both Chiang and resist the relative (absolute) quantity, the quality is up and strong. through the map we can see that the area was located in the three wild dash Shandong, Anhui, Henan and Jiangbei land, it is the rule of the Kuomintang center and transportation hub, but also military and political battleground since ancient times. the local rich resources, population, transport facilities, within the scope of the second rail network and important transportation center is to ensure that the KMT authorities maintained South supplies, manpower deployment, the completion of its strategic objectives of the country an important hub, so in terms of military, economic interests, have decided to be all out battle of the KMT, the result of the Chiang to the largest number of troops into battle, and most frequently, since the summer of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek and focus on the total strength of about one-third of its invasion of the regular army liberated, or 62 brigades (divisions) of about 50 people started to take North-South attack of the brought together a large number of troops among the crack, while well-developed transportation network and a strong maritime capabilities to ensure rapid deployment and force sudden, the other hand, our military, although the forces were divided 45 by the end of the expansion of the liberated areas to ensure that the size of our military , but our military can not make the maximum concentration of superior forces destroy enemies, as well as by the enemy to contain, between the mountains and the wild relative lack of cooperation and coordination with each other, most of the time in the fragmented nature of the situation, held at the campaign stage against the enemy for the rapid support and strength to ensure that the organization must be blocking action, leading to loss part of the battle (Huaiyin, Lianshui campaign tutte). but also must see the war carried out mainly in the liberated areas, to the liberated areas production, economic damage is enormous, for the production of war supplies consumed in great difficulty, and the frequency of battle makes our military must be continuous fighting, which for the army's manpower, ammunition added, the army caused great inconvenience to the rest . More importantly, as some junior officers and military people do not understand the nature of war, psychologically still in the Army to overcome the difficulties, under the leadership of the outstanding commanders, relying on insider familiar with the advantages of geographical operations, and to fully expose the atrocities committed against the people of Chiang and the nature of the war of liberation, to arouse the people's support, as well as Yuezhanyueyong, to 1947 2 months, and annihilating the effective strength of about 30 million people, shattered Chiang full-scale attack on the liberated areas of East China, and achieved a great victory.
2, the second phase of the first phase of the struggle after
, although significant victory for our military , but the strength and the base has also been a greater degree of influence, the basic loss of Huai River and Central liberated, only the main central field army moved northwards in Shandong, east China increasingly serious situation in the PLA, Shandong in East China only liberated, liberated area is narrowed, while the forces and the relative concentration of authority, increasing the burden on the people of the liberated areas, for added strength, logistics and maneuver forces have caused great difficulties. especially with the loss of Huai River, the main source central canal liberated tax loss, central The main business district also lost, to a large negative impact on the South line of battle. Meanwhile, we must see is, east hills within the armed forces everywhere, the original Red Fourth Army and the Red Army, would like 119 pilots and 120 divisions, the New Fourth Army and the original Eighth Route Army, Chinese wild and wild, local officials and foreign cadres but also among the more intense factional fighting each other not convinced, and the highest nominal leader, General Chen Yi Rao Shushi and others in the conspiracy through the event Well, do not know if I have retreated Shandong eat of about 27.5 million people. and in January held in late near Linyi cadres at and above the division, known as Lunan meeting, the unification of the ideological army to resolve the factional fighting of the plague, strengthening the internal unity of our army and collaboration. In contrast Chiang, starting from the March 1947 reorganization has concentrated 24 divisions, 60 brigades of about 45 people started to focus my attack on the liberated areas of Shandong, the potential of the fierce, no less than the first phase, 74 more teachers Lianshui carrying HUAIYIN potential victory, Rulangsihu. The attack, Chiang still taking South pronged attempt to surround our military. Although very small army room to maneuver, but the location at this time is more superior, more more and more away from the traffic arteries concentrated in the Yimeng Mountain, Chiang's army mechanized advantage can not reflect the advantage of filling mountain operations, coupled with Yimeng Mountain is a revolutionary base areas, mass basis is better for our military play. we must also realize is that after the first stage of fighting, the commander of our military command and gain valuable experience, junior officers to obtain practical experience to enhance, together with Chiang in the liberated areas makes the most of the soldiers of atrocities against the common enemy, the morale and fighting to obtain improved significantly, and long operational by Chiang, fighting was a clear downward trend, comparing the two sides is conducive to our military advantage. Therefore, in late April, East China Field Army, 72nd Division in Tai'an annihilated. Then, transfer to Mengyin , Xintai and Laiwu concealed assembly areas to the east. to the end of July, and South held Menglianggu Ma, Linqu campaigns, wiped out nearly 8 million, of which reorganization of the Kuomintang army elite 74 Division 3.2 million people. At the same time a crisis just wild in China, Liu and Deng breakthrough in the Yellow River line, engage in fierce battle in Southwest, divide our forces for operations outside of China Ye Chen, Tang Corps and leaves, ceramic columns cut Jin Pulu, with irresistible force to change the aggressive deployment of the enemy force, to stop East committing, troops from the attack of Lu in the reorganized divisions in the transfer out of the seven Western aid retreat, resulting break in the mountains of Chiang Lu of China in the main field of the plans to completely bankrupt.
3, the third stage
After the first phase of the battle, and most important breakthrough in the Yellow River is the second field, enter the Dabie Mountains, opening up new liberated areas, Chiang had to be pursued to mobilize massive, wild face of China the enemy has been greatly reduced, strategic initiative has changed hands. but you can say that the beginning of the third phase of our military is not ideal to play, study the important reason, is nothing more than better, to a great victory, it produces pride. troops cross the into line operations, weather and geographical advantages of our military without a fight, so our military defeat after another: to play the South Ma, Lianriyinyu, military ammunition, damp, difficult to be effective, only five days and nights to destroy a group;
attack Linqu , comes just rain torrents, Mi River flooding, temporary chest deep water several feet outside the city, but also a five days and nights, just eat two battalions h, nearly a month's time, playing eight battles, there are not five battle lay. forces a huge casualties, but even more anxious than the injury is extensive military morale has been hit hard. The organizational leaders to recognize and gradually solve the problem, the problem will be solved. In the ensuing battle among the set after SARS war after the Battle of Luoyang, China had taken control of wild course of the war, Chiang is just bombarded, and the rest of the time and only changed the situation in the country
four, the fourth major Fourth Field Army Field Army
activities in the northeast area, so the analysis of the relative form, you must first understand the location and the prevailing situation in the northeastern environment. northeastern provinces is an important region of China, east, north, and west sides with North Korea, the Soviet Union, Mongolia border; south, land with convergence in North China, the Bohai Sea with the Shandong Peninsula across the sea, more than three thousand million people, fertile land and rich natural resources, strategic position is very important. Since the beginning period of the northern warlord, Chang Tso-lin to enhance its own power, and vigorously build mines, factories, making Northeast of the development of basic industries have vigorously, and the Japanese occupation of the land, in order to ensure the conduct of its war of aggression, the Northeast as an important base for the key development resource exploitation, construction of a large number of mines, factories and rail transportation network, while Northeast region in the economic loss suffered during the War of Resistance less, even after the Soviet victory in the war plundered the Northeast, the foundation is still intact extensive damage, while the Mainland together as the fighting cotton, economic loss, so in the War of Resistance After the victory of the economy in the country's leading northeast. More importantly, after the victory in the war, the Northeast power vacuum there, which makes the Northeast region into a > CPC Central Committee in early on recognized the importance of the Northeast, seven in 1945 during the Communist Chairman Mao once said: our party, from the Chinese revolution in the near future to see the future of the Northeast is particularly important . If we have lost all the existing base, as long as we have the Northeast, then China will have a solid foundation for the revolution. his book has repeatedly referred to my article in the party and military strategy in Northeast China. must also see is that our party has always been to seek international assistance to get through the channel, also paid a terrible price for this (Red West Army), but major changes in the situation in the northeast of the case, of course, to make every effort to compete. < br> Since the war began, the leadership of our party, Central heat Liao-jun District chairman Mao Zedong and Zhu De in accordance with commander's command, sent a force into the nearby Northeast, the Northeast Anti-Japanese Communist Party leadership in conjunction with coalition forces, with Soviet operations at the same time as the pioneer, the competition for northeast ready for it. After the war I form the country-based analysis of the party, especially for our party stronger in northern, southern weaker phenomenon, has developed The KMT is busy receiving east, south and center of the old rule, no time to care of the situation in the north, drawn from a number of related units within the liberated areas and cadres advancing northeast, in conjunction with the original force in carrying out the development of Northeast Northeast Northeast strategic task forces have transferred there : A team directly under the Eighth Route Army in Shandong Military Region, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 teachers, 5 teacher one of Lu in the coastal, Shandong, the main force of the Bohai Sea and other military a total of 6 million people; the New Fourth Army 3rd Division 3 million people; Ningxia Border Region 359 Brigade, 1st Brigade garrison, to teach one and the 2nd Brigade of the Anti-Japanese Military and Political Yan'an University, Yan'an artillery schools, and other thousand people;-Sui, Jizhong, Shandong and Henan 1 each group. above the wing, together with early access to a total of 11 thermal units Liao million people. Meanwhile, the military and political cadres in Yan'an and the liberated areas of about 2 million people, also went into the Northeast .10 31, Northeast People's Army component of autonomy, strength up to 15 thousand people.
subject with the KMT government of the Soviet Union signed a diplomatic treaty, not high-profile large-scale assistance provided to our military, but in the end have the surname , a shrine with the family clan, was pro-third to, so the acquiescence of the Soviets, Shenyang and around the mountain early the various light and heavy weapons and military materials were obtained at the same time, the Soviet army in military action with , a sudden withdrawal by the way, covering major cities in the army seized the opportunity to seize and destroy a large number of puppet KMT incorporated, causing great loss to the KMT, delayed the process of competition for its northeast.
above phenomenon can be said Early in the Northeast for our military to create good conditions, but some of our party comrades are so blinded by the surface environment, the situation in the development of blind optimism and arrogance of feeling that the Soviet With the help of our military has the absolute advantage, the KMT to fear, in which the concept of left and right in the face of Chiang's attack, and even proposed the The arrogant slogan. and then the form is kind of how it, we can learn from the following: First, the base construction. can be said that high on the northeast base of our party attach great importance to the building, sending, including the he was appointed , from Chengde to the cadres, almost no one is willing to work in the countryside, are required to Changchun, Harbin, to go. military cadres are many requests for rest, to do the rear, doing the local work. forget my party based on the masses, based on the base, Note: Because we know that 49 years of Chairman Mao in the party's building. At that time the newly formed army, the existence of the number of satisfied regardless of quality, lack of the necessary consolidation, training and re-education of the phenomenon, ignoring the military fighting, while a large number of molecules can be mixed with the destruction of uneven revolutionary ranks, newly established in the Northeast more than a dozen tours, components are very bad, are the lack of political awareness, gangsters, bandits, military police, many puppet, the real composition of workers and peasants , were also led astray, no combat these forces, very bad discipline among the masses, not only can not mobilize the masses, they became the people of my dissatisfaction; not only fail to destroy the enemy, the morale of anti-adversaries; not only can not fight the bandits, and seduced by the bandits. Among the adverse impact on the masses. and then into the main force of the Kanto real change in the northeast of the current situation can not get better equipment, the lack of war materials, and because most of the Kanto far from their homes, combined with knowledge of the brutal war not enough, the concept of homesickness, serious, fleeing the increasing number of low morale. designation at the same time a number of forces, the lack of lateral contact, is not conducive to unity of command; Third, popular support. northeastern Japanese oppression of the people of dukkha, eager to return the Chinese government and the army. Since I am not the party's propaganda, the lack of reactionary Kuomintang rule flawed, so was the hope of the people was more representative of the Chinese Nationalist government and army, while the military conflict that the military is and to be resisted. Fourth, the form of estimates and preparations for war. our party during the war began, the national form of optimistic estimates, inadequate understanding of the seriousness of the war, lack of war's psychological preparation for heavy fighting, there is always a battle, As our party's mistakes at work, resulting in the Northeast there were , which greatly affected the morale. that although the military grab the opportunity, but the development of the situation is not favorable for us.
the other hand, Chiang, included in the security commander of the Northeast Division battle sequences and a new 6 Jun New 1 Army, 13 Army, 52 Army, 60 Army and 93 Army Yunnan, the former Northeast Army 53 Army. A total of twelve regular army, 30 million people. all shipped to Qinhuangdao by the U.S. Navy landing. Among them, the new 6 Army troops and the new one the five main force for the KMT in the two main forces, while 52 troops, 53 military, 71 are used to enter the Myanmar military, or the China-Burma border operations, expeditionary forces, fighting a very powerful weapon equipped. At the same time as The reorganization of the armed forces, General Chiang past than the following progress: 1, treatment of soldiers, officers, food and clothing than raise the general good; 2, there is progress in relations between officers and men; 3, there is progress in relations between officers and men, the garrison of the residents quite a good discipline, residents of the Department convened a meeting where information reaches the public, all while transporting supplies from the rear, it is less disturbing; 4, tactical flexibility than in the past, with the more circuitous and tactical change soon; 5, command and unified, coordinated action, than in the past good; 6, fielding aid work around things calm fortifications soon reach the completion of work thing, so the occupation is very difficult to break, like my high confidence in fighting a great fear for the past; 7, firearms powerful than the Japanese army artillery technology better. In this way, our military at a disadvantage compared with Chiang's. The next battle will have a rude objective factors.
the fighting started, the military strength of the form of development and a serious underestimation of Chiang more importantly, when the military party memory in a operational strategy, or even raised in the Battle of Siping Army combat strengths of its positions to play the most, making our military had to after losing the Battle of Siping strategic retreat. while the withdrawal process, our military, some from left-leaning gay and blind optimism into pessimism flightism Right , and even the tendency to surrender and betrayal, coupled with the bandits, the KMT secret agents of the harassment and destruction, and people do not support, making the army suffered huge losses. The lack of a solid base, the lack of popular support, is the vast expanse of open war the beginning of the most fundamental factor defeat.
failed in the bitter experience of the CPC Central Committee and the vast expanse of open development of the situation with officers and men on a clear understanding of, and comply with the prevailing conditions made the correct strategy. Chairman Mao in the sickness the CPC Central Committee drafted the base must be hard. Kuomintang account or account in the northeast of the city and the traffic line cases, the base should be based on guerrilla occupied area, . the party political, organizational guerrillas, militias and self-defense corps, in order to secure places, with the field army, the Kuomintang troops crushed the attack. impact. On this basis, the Northeast Bureau held an enlarged meeting, through the famous This is the center of the whole army has been working in one hand and mobilize the masses to carry out land reform and other economic and political policies, the primary organization for counterinsurgency, to eliminate unstable factors. to 47 year, established a relatively stable northern Manchuria, South Manchurian two base, the situation stabilized and the rear, to restore and develop the economy, to restore and strengthen our military strength.
at a time when the form is like? 46 to 47 years even after the war, Chiang occupation, including Liaoning , Jilin and other regions, including large areas, control of the northeastern region of the primary economic and industrial center and transportation hub, but now the situation is conducive to the development of our army, as follows:
First, the main control of the northern army Manchuria and the Soviet Union is connected, after the Soviet withdrawal, are still important to maintain the political influence and a certain number of troops, which makes the KMT legislator, not to focus on military offensive in the area to avoid possible diplomatic conflict The main occupation is to take over important positions to cut off the North and South over and the Mainland, only a small number of troops to harass, presented a more defensive (Editor's note: From the inspection of the historical ...
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